Equal (5): Everything in this space must be equal to 5. The answer is 4-5, placed horizontally; 5-0, placed horizontally; 2-2, placed horizontally
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No one knows how much publishers make in return for providing these modest services, but we can guess. In 2017, the Association of Research Libraries surveyed its 123 member institutions and found they were paying a collective $1 billion in journal subscriptions every year. The ARL covers some of the biggest universities, but not nearly all of them, so let’s guess that number accounts for half of all university subscription spending. In 2023, the federal government estimated it paid nearly $380 million in article processing charges alone, and those are separate from subscriptions. So it wouldn’t be crazy if American universities were paying something like $2.5 billion to publishers every year, with the majority of that ultimately coming from taxpayers.
В ходе гражданской войны в Сирии, начавшейся в 2011 году, курды заняли позицию вооруженного нейтралитета, создав на севере страны («Рожава») де-факто автономную администрацию. Курдские отряды, как правило, избегали столкновений с войсками бывшего президента Сирии Башара Асада и Вооруженными силами России, сосредоточившись на борьбе с Турцией и группировкой «Исламское государство» (ИГ, ИГИЛ; запрещенная в РФ террористическая организация).
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- Is this tool in a supporting role rather than doing the primary task? Supporting-role tools escape scrutiny precisely because they're not doing the main work — and they're still in the chain of custody for anything that gets published, sent, or acted on.
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